Annual Electricity Production Research Articles

City-scale analysis of PV potential and visibility in heritage environment using GIS and LiDAR

Increasing the share of renewables, especially utilizing solar power in our energy mix is a highly prioritized aim of the EU. Budapest, the largest city and the capital of Hungary, contains almost 1 million flats in more than 190 thousand buildings, organized in various characteristic urban fabric types. Although on-site renewable energy production is severely limited in dense urban environments, the roofs offer a considerable potential to generate energy on-site.The present paper introduces a method to estimate the PV potential of rooftops on a large scale applying a GIS approach. Using LiDAR data, a Digital Surface Model (DSM) was created. The DSM was utilized to evaluate roof slope, orientation, and global irradiation. Solar potentials, available roof area, photovoltaic (PV) system capacities and estimated annual electricity production were derived from the GIS model. The method was used to develop an open access website called the Budapest Solar Map, which provides decision-makers with solar PV data. However, the nominal PV potential is limited by layers of heritage protection regulations that safeguard the sight of our case study area, Budapest, which is a World Heritage Site. Visibility is also surveyed with GIS and geometrical modeling from designated high points and from the street level, respectively.

Sustainable solar energy development in Zakho, Iraq: a techno-economic and environmental assessment

This study presents a solar energy roadmap aimed at attracting investors to capitalize on the abundant solar resources in Zakho, Iraq, for clean energy technology. The objective is to mitigate global warming effects caused by fossil fuel combustion and promote sustainable technological development. To end this, the study employs RETScreen Expert software to validate the techno-economic and environmental viability of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic system utilizing climatic data from the Astronaut Office Information System (NASA) Database. Additionally, the Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) modeling method determines optimal angles for installing residential rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) systems across selected locations. Results indicate that all selected locations are suitable for solar photovoltaic projects, with Rezgari identified as the optimal district due to its highest annual solar radiation of 1863.117 kWh/m2 and the highest annual electricity production at 7905.38 kWh. The capacity factor (CF) values fall within the range of 17.395-17.574%. The study reveals an annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction ranging from 6.9876 to 7.1123 (tCO2) across four districts. Considering the financial and environmental indicators, Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems emerge as a sustainable and efficient solution to enhance the environment and prove economically viable in Zakho City.

Impact of Climate Change on the Performance of Household-Scale Photovoltaic Systems

The objective of this article was to investigate the impacts of climate change on photovoltaic systems among renewable energies by the end of the 21st century. One hypothesis posited that due to decreased cloud cover as a result of changing climate, the geographical region under examination would receive more solar irradiation—usable by photovoltaic panels—which would in turn increase the annual electrical energy production of these systems. Another hypothesis suggested that the average temperature increase, associated with changing climate conditions, would detrimentally affect the efficiency of electricity production in photovoltaic systems. The study was based on the simulation of a household-scale photovoltaic model. This simulation calculated the system's performance on an hourly basis depending on inputs and summed these to produce an annual value. Input values were derived from climate scenario databases. These variables included global horizontal irradiance, direct horizontal irradiance, temperature, and wind speed. The output was the aforementioned quantity of annual electrical energy production. An analysis occurred between the annual average global horizontal irradiance and the annual average air temperature in relation to the quantities of annual electrical energy production. Pearson and partial correlation examinations among the variables demonstrated that unfavorable scenarios resulted in reduced efficiency of photovoltaic electrical energy production, primarily due to rising temperatures. Among other contributions, this article can support research into the active cooling of photovoltaic systems and the examination of their viability to mitigate efficiency losses caused by current and future temperature increases. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-01-01 Full Text: PDF

Performance of vertically mounted bifacial photovoltaics under the physical influence of low-rise residential environment in high-latitude locations

This study focuses on finding suitable installation sites for vertical bifacial photovoltaic (VBPV) panels in urban low-rise neighborhoods at high latitudes. The power production of east-west-oriented VBPV systems matches well with domestic electricity consumption profiles, increasing the self-consumption of PV electricity. Furthermore, PV electricity adds economic value by avoiding transmission fees and taxes. These systems are especially beneficial in high-latitude locations characterized by a low solar elevation angle. However, these low angles expose VBPV panels to a high risk of shading losses from their surroundings, and it is unknown how much shading limits the number of suitable installation sites. Here, environmental shading on VBPV panels is quantified for three low-rise residential neighborhoods in Helsinki, a high-latitude location, by comparing the specific yields (annual electricity production per kilowatt peak) of VBPV and monofacial PV (MPV) systems. The results showed that unshaded VBPV systems have a higher specific yield than their MPV counterparts. However, in densely built neighborhoods with tall trees, the lack of suitable installation sites for VBPV panels severely limits the peak power of these systems. Roof ridge VBPVs usually yield high production, while façade- and ground-mounted systems lose between 30% and 70% compared to roof ridge VBPV systems depending on their installation locations. South-oriented MPVs perform better than VBPVs on north-south-facing roofs, both in terms of specific yield and total annual production. Conversely, VBPVs installed on the ridges of unshaded roofs aligned closely with the north-south axis outperform MPVs on east- and west-facing roofs by 20%–30%.

Tidal range electricity generation into the twenty-second century

Tidal range electricity generation schemes are designed to have a minimum operational life of at least 120 years, making it important to plan for changes such as sea-level rise (SLR). Earlier studies have shown that schemes can maintain the existing tidal range within the impoundment and protect areas from flooding. Here it is demonstrated that tidal range technology can maintain the current tidal extent despite SLR and suggests the operational strategies to achieve it. The approach is the only way to safeguard existing intertidal habitats. Mechanical and electrical plant requires a major overall, upgrade or replacement every 40 years; the levelised cost of energy is structured in 40-year periods reducing after the first period. Increasing the capacity or efficiency of the plant during the refits allows the protection of low-lying areas to be maintained and more electricity to be generated. The strategy requires energy to be used in pumping to achieve the current low tidal limits and the incoming tide to be curtailed to maintain the high tide extent, but there is very little effect on annual electricity production. Flexible operation can offer some protection from riverine flooding and existing inundation cycles can be maintained.

A COMPREHENSIVE TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL FOSSIL-BASED ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION ACROSS KEY NATIONS (1985-2022)

This study addresses the critical challenge of accurately predicting annual electrical energy production derived from fossil sources across diverse nations, including Türkiye, Germany, England, France, Iran, and Ukraine spanning the years 1985 to 2022. Employing a combination of advanced deep learning techniques and traditional statistical models, the research aims to enhance forecasting precision and contribute to a deeper understanding of global energy consumption dynamics. By leveraging time series analysis, the study captures the intricate temporal patterns inherent in fossilbased energy production data, enabling robust predictions over an extended historical timeframe. Performance evaluation metrics such as Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are utilized to rigorously assess the accuracy and reliability of the developed forecasting models. The scientific significance of this study lies in its ability to provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between socio-economic factors, technological advancements, and environmental considerations shaping fossil-based energy production trends. By conducting a comparative analysis across multiple countries with distinct energy landscapes, the research not only elucidates regional variations but also underscores the need for tailored forecasting approaches to address unique contextual challenges. The findings of this study hold significant implications for energy policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers striving to optimize resource allocation, mitigate environmental impacts, and transition towards sustainable energy systems. By advancing the state-of-the-art in energy forecasting methodologies, this research contributes to the broader goal of achieving a more resilient, equitable, and environmentally sustainable energy future.

GIS-based MCDM dual optimization approach for territorial-scale offshore wind power plants

Despite the relevant potential of offshore resource to substantially mitigate the effects of climate change through the generation of renewable electricity, the full exploitation of such wind resource currently remains incomplete. To promote offshore wind energy projects, it is crucial to engage in comprehensive planning processes that encompass technical, social, environmental, stakeholder, and political considerations. Within this framework, this paper presents a combined approach based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methodology to optimize the selection of offshore wind farm locations. The proposed methodology includes annual net electricity production as a critical factor in the decision-making process, which has been previously optimized with regard to the wake effect. Subsequently, the determination of potential locations involves key criteria such as technical feasibility, environmental impact, economic viability, and power generation potential. This MCDM-GIS approach was applied and evaluated in a case study along the Spanish coastline, considering 92 initial alternatives. The results indicate that the offshore wind energy targets established for Spain in 2030 and 2050 should be reevaluated, as the optimal utilization of the available area represents only 16% of the total potential area. Based on the aforementioned criteria, a suitability map was generated by integrating all relevant map layers, including their respective buffer zones.

Building Resilient communities: Techno-economic assessment of standalone off-grid PV powered net zero energy (NZE) villages

The use of renewable energy resources for off-grid electricity production has gained more importance in recent decades for meeting the energy needs of remote areas, even with limited resources. This research aims to provide an optimized and cost-effective approach for generating electricity in rural areas. By using current methodology, a stand alone energy source of PV is designed for development of NZE village. Solar irradiance of the selected location is 6.16 kWh/m2/day while the estimated electric load data for whole village is 64.259 kWh. Electric load and solar irradiance of the loaction is used in the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) to design and analyze the techno-economic feasibility of the stand alone PV system to meet the load requirements. The study obtained the total Net Present Cost (NPC) of $0.511 M and the Cost Of Electricity (COE) is 2.26$/unit through the HOMER analysis, which is further refined by performing sensitivity analysis using parameters such as PV panel price, battery price, solar irradiance, variations in electric load and discount rates. According to the results, system is feasibile by annual electricity production of 30,078 kWh with initial capital investment of $0.434 M. This analysis compared the system performance and showed that it is economically and technically viable to meet the complete electricity needs of the village with a payback period of 7.2 years. Research can be utilized for policy making and implementation of NZE approach in remote areas by the government.

Exergy-based techno-economic and environmental assessments of a proposed integrated solar powered electricity generation system along with novel prioritization method and performance indices

This study focused on the two important gaps in the literature. The first is solar energy- powered electricity generation in a more economical way via the integration of flat plate solar collector (FPSC), an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), and an absorptional heat transformer (AHT) system. Another gap is advanced exergy analysis of the AHT cycle/ORC process based on renewable energy integration to reveal clues for improving the system. To close these gaps, a novel system including a lithium bromide AHT cycle-ORC with a FPSC system application was proposed in this study. In this proposed system, the temperature of the heat source for the ORC system was upgraded via an integration of the AHT and FPSC cycles. The main components of the AHT cycle are the condenser (ABScon), refrigerant cycle pump (P1), evaporator (EV), absorber (ABS), solution heat exchanger (SHX), absorbent cycle pump (P2), expansion valve (V), generator (Gen), ORC turbine (ORCT) and ORC condenser (ORCcon). To demonstrate the electricity production from solar energy in a more economical way thanks to the proposed system, a comparison was made with similar-scaled existing solar power plants. The results supported the main purpose of this study. The annual electricity production with the proposed system was calculated as 2601 MWh, with initial investment cost and payback period values of US$3.924 million and 4.531 years, respectively. The conventional and advanced exergy, exergoeconomic, environmental impact, and sustainability analyzes were also performed. Based on these, the novel performance parameters and prioritization method were proposed to assess the improvement potential of the system. The results indicated that SHX and FPSC had the highest exergy destruction rates (EDRs) of 23.711% and 21.849% over 5853.89 kW due to the stronger thermal and chemical reactions. Similarly, Gen, FPSC, and SHX had the highest ED cost rates (CRs) of 67.59%, 59.09%, and, 47.98%, respectively. Gen, V, and ORCcon were higher contributors to the exergy destruction rates of almost all the components. However, these showed an adverse manner for irreversibility activities. So, the temperatures of Gen and ORCcon should be optimized carefully. ABScon, P2, P1, ABS, Gen, ORCT, and ORCcon had high development priority to improve the whole system.

Assessment of the technical-economic performance and optimization of a parabolic trough solar power plant under Algerian climatic conditions

In this study, the design, analysis and optimization of the performance of a concentrated solar power plant that is based on the parabolic trough technology with a capacity of 100 MW equipped with a thermal energy storage system were conducted, in two representative sites in Algeria (Tamanrasset and M’Sila). The System Advisor Model software is used to evaluate the technical and economic performances of the two proposed power plants, in addition to carrying out the process of optimizing the initial design of the two power plants by finding the optimal values of the solar multiple and full load hours of the thermal energy storage system, with the aim of increasing the annual energy production and reducing the levelized cost of electricity. The results of the performance analysis conducted on the optimized design showed that the optimum values of the solar multiple and full load hours of the thermal energy storage system for the proposed power plant at the Tamanrasset site were found to be 2.4 and 7 h, respectively, with an annual electricity production of 514.6 GWh, and a minimum value of the levelized cost of electricity of 6.3¢/kWh. While the optimum performance of the proposed plant at the M'Sila site can be achieved by selecting a solar multiple of 3 and 7 h for thermal energy storage system, with a high annual energy production of 451.84 GWh and a low value of the levelized cost of electricity of 7.8¢/kWh. The results demonstrate that CSP plants using parabolic trough technology can increase energy security in the country, while reducing environmental concerns associated with the use of fossil materials.

Analysis of the azimuth angles of a medium-scale PV system in non-ideal positions for roof application

The installation of photovoltaic (PV) panels on building roofs has seen a significant increase in recent years due to the rising cost of conventional energy sources. This shift towards renewable energy sources has been driven by the urgent need to mitigate the effects of climate change. PV applications is one of the most sustainable and cleanest sources of renewable energy, producing no greenhouse gas emissions during operation. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels, the use of PV panels can help to reduce carbon emissions and lower the overall carbon footprint of buildings. In addition to the environmental benefits, the installation of PV panels can also provide economic benefits, such as reduced energy costs and increased property value. In the past, installations were mostly made in the direction of the south, but now the roofs of the buildings facing west, east, and even north are also considered for PV panel installations. In this study, a grid-connected PV system with an installed power of 148 kWp at the Konya Technical University (KTUN) campus is modeled by PVsyst software. The PV systems' performance on building roofs oriented in different geographical directions (north, south, east, and west) with a 30° fixed tilt angle was investigated. In the modeling, the solar irradiation coming to the surfaces of the PV panels, electricity production values, performance ratios, and their economic feasibility were calculated. The highest effective irradiation value on the panel surface was obtained from the system facing south, found as 1964.4 kWh/m². It is 20.77%, 22.87%, and 73.48% higher than the solar irradiation obtained at -90°, +90°, and 180° azimuth angles, respectively. It is concluded that the electricity generation amounts of PV systems highly depend on the azimuth angle. Similarly, the highest annual electricity production was obtained from the system installed in the 0° azimuth angle found as 254.77 MWh. The annual total electricity generation is 19.66%, 22.55%, and 69.41% higher in systems modeled toward the east, west, and north, respectively. Performance ratio, defined as the ratio of radiation coming to the panel surface and the electricity produced, has relative values between 0.843 and 0.862 for four different azimuth angles. Furthermore, as an economic analysis, the Basic Payback Period (BPP) of the projects was found as 6.92 years, 4.08 years, 4.88 years, and 5.00 years for the systems modeled in the north, south, east, and west directions, respectively. It can be concluded that the most suitable orientation is south, and the other two directions, east, and west, can also be considered feasible.

Energy-Exergy–Economic (3E) -Optimization Analysis of a Solar System for Cooling, Heating, Power, and Freshwater Generation System for a Case Study Using Artificial Intelligence (AI)

In this research, analysis of a cogeneration system harnessing solar energy with the purpose of producing electricity and freshwater is carried out. A parabolic trough collector (PTC), a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system and a steam Rankine cycle are considered as the primary modules of the system. Optimization is conducted on the basis of the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), while the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) is used to cope with the presented thermodynamic model. Sensitivity analysis of different key parameters including pump and turbine efficiencies, pump and turbine inlet pressures, evaporator pinch point and inlet temperature and, finally, solar radiation are calculated. A location with high solar energy potential is selected to explore the feasibility of installing the designed system. The case study results show that the maximum level of freshwater production happens during June and July due to an increased sunlight and ambient temperature. Annual electricity and distilled water production of 260,847.6586 MW and 73,821.34 m3 are calculated, respectively. Furthermore, the optimum results regarding the cost rate and exergy efficiency were found to be 35.26 $/h and 12.02%, respectively.

Modeling Annual Electricity Production and Levelized Cost of Energy from the US East Coast Offshore Wind Energy Lease Areas

Offshore wind energy development along the East Coast of the US is proceeding quickly as a result of large areas with an excellent wind resource, low water depths and proximity to large electricity markets. Careful planning of wind turbine deployments in these offshore wind energy lease areas (LA) is required to maximize power output and to minimize wake losses between neighboring wind farms as well as those internal to each wind farm. Here, we used microscale wind modeling with two wake parameterizations to evaluate the potential annual energy production (AEP) and wake losses in the different LA areas, and we developed and applied a levelized cost of energy (LCoE) model to quantify the impact of different wind turbine layouts on LCoE. The modeling illustrated that if the current suite of LA is subject to deployment of 15 MW wind turbines at a spacing of 1.85 km, they will generate 4 to 4.6% of total national electricity demand. The LCoE ranged from $68 to $102/MWh depending on the precise layout selected, which is cost competitive with many other generation sources. The scale of the wind farms that will be deployed greatly exceed those currently operating and mean that wake-induced power losses are considerable but still relatively poorly constrained. AEP and LCoE exhibited significant dependence on the precise wake model applied. For the largest LA, the AEP differed by over 10% depending on the wake model used, leading to a $10/MWh difference in LCoE for the wind turbine layout with 1.85 km spacing.

Energy Transition Scenarios in Off-grid Communities using SOFC-CHP/Battery Hybrid Systems

Today, off-grid communities rely mainly on diesel gensets with limited electrical efficiency and diesel furnaces for electricity and heat generation, respectively. The CO2 emissions associated with this electricity production can be reduced by improving the electrical efficiency of the system thus reducing the fuel consumption. Additionally, waste heat from the electricity production can be recovered for heating thus creating a combined heat and power system. In this work, a solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power system hybridized to a battery was proposed for this purpose. Simulation of the annual electricity and heat production were performed using real temporal electrical demand data. Results showed that a reduction of up to 36 % in primary energy consumption can be reached compared with the current situation.

Research on the Spillover Effect of Different Types of Technological Innovation on New Energy Industry: Taking China’s Solar Photovoltaic as an Example

Technological innovation has always played a very important role in the development of new energy industries. This paper takes the solar photovoltaic industry as an object of study, taking into account the diffusion of technological advances and the different roles of different technological innovations, and uses a spatial econometric SDM model to analyze the spillover effects of different types of technological advances on the solar industry in China. It is found that for the PV industry, efficiency-enhancing technological advances have the most significant impact, with efficiency-enhancing technologies contributing significantly to the annual electricity production of the PV industry; safety-enhancing technological advances having the second highest impact on the industry’s development; and cost-reducing technological advances have no significant impact on the industry. The study also found that due to the positive externalities of technological innovation, the spillover effect of technological innovation between regions has a significant impact on the development of the regional solar PV industry. In the long term, the direct effect of efficiency-enhancing technological innovation on the development of the PV industry is significantly positive, while the direct effect of safety-enhancing technological innovation on the development of the PV industry is significantly negative. Therefore, in the future, China’s solar energy industry should combine the capital investment of different types of science and technology into research and development, fully consider the impact of regional and technological spillover on industrial development, use technological innovation spillover to promote technological exchange and progress, and continuously improve the level of equipment operation safety, output efficiency, and electricity cost.

Long-term outdoor performance of grid-connected photovoltaic power plant in a desert climate

In this paper, a 2.25 kWp grid integrated with the tied solar park has been implanted in the Renewable Energy Applied Research Unit (URAER) in a dry and harsh desert region. The PV plant uses micromorph thin-film solar modules (a-Si/μc-Si) technology. The photovoltaic module systems (PVS) were evaluated from May 2015 to December 2020 (around five and a half years of operation), and the electricity was injected into the internal network of the low-voltage power supply. Performance evolution has been conducted in this work as stated by the IEC61724 guideline. The monthly and annual performance indicators analyzed and assessed consist of reference yield, array yield, final yield, system losses, capture losses, PV module efficiency, system efficiency, inverter efficiency, capacity factor, and performance ratio. The annual electricity production is 3688.28 kWh, 3188.25 kWh, 3306.28 kWh, 3136.05 kWh, and 2952.81 kWh for 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 operating periods, respectively. The solar park's total produced energy yield over the monitored period and the quantity of CO2 emissions avoided are 16,271.67 kWh and 14.17 tons, respectively, which can significantly contribute to and help in purifying the environment from pollution. In addition, the energy results produced by the PVS were compared to those found by the four widely used PV simulation tools (PVsys, PVGIS, NREL's PVWatts® Calculator and Solar Med-Atlas). Furthermore, this work investigates and quantifies the degradation phenomenon of solar PVS power output after five years and a half years of outdoor exposure. There is around 0.22 % degradation per year. When this rate was compared to other studies conducted worldwide, it was shown to be highly appropriate. Technical-economic research was also conducted, revealing that the system's PVS period, which establishes its sustainability, is between 9 and 12 years. The results demonstrate that micromorph thin-film modules perform better and are more efficient under harsh real-world outdoor environmental conditions. Inventux modules preserve most of their better performance even with increasing module temperature. This kind of PV module technology is low-insensitive to the highest PV module temperature. Compared to the literature, micromorph thin-film technologies are better and preferable than crystalline modules under desert environmental conditions. The results also indicate that grid-connected solar park plants using this kind of technology are feasible in the hot arid climate to produce electricity and may participate in future energy projects in the country.

Design guides for artificial photosynthetic devices consisting of voltage-matched perovskite/silicon tandem solar-cell modules and electrochemical reactor modules

We clarified the design guides for H2- and CO-producing artificial photosynthetic devices. The combination of a voltage-matched (VM) tandem solar-cell (SC) module and an electrochemical (EC) module was adopted. The parallel-connected top and bottom SC modules, in which multiple organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (PVK) SCs with a bandgap of 1.7 eV and crystalline-silicon SCs were connected in series, respectively, powered the EC module consisting of series-connected multiple EC reactors. It was found that the design parameters of the series connection numbers must be optimized under slightly greater solar intensity and higher temperature than the average values to minimize the mismatch between the device operating voltage and SC maximal power voltage. This is in contrast to that the annual electricity production of the VM SC module coupled with a power conditioner is not sensitive to the optimization conditions. Increases in the bandgaps of the PVK SCs do not affect the annual production significantly.

Techno-economic assessment of grid and renewable powered electric vehicle charging stations in India using a modified metaheuristic technique

Renewable energy technologies have left an indelible impression on the global electrical market by supplying customers with uninterrupted electricity. Utilizing renewable energy sources to satisfy the load requirements of electric vehicle charging stations is one of the most significant areas of study in developing nations. This research investigates the technical and financial viability of grid and renewable-powered energy systems for an environmentally sustainable electric vehicle charging station in three distinct regions across India. The presented setup is subjected to an economic analysis for satisfying the charging requirement of the electric vehicle load. The system is designed in such a way that the power exchange takes place between the grid network and different components of the energy system. The assigned places are selected so that wind and solar prospects are contrary in these areas. The charging hours of electric vehicles are different in the specific sites. The optimal sizing of the system component is performed to minimize the levelized cost of electricity and total net present cost while keeping the probability of power supply failure within acceptable limits using a novel metaheuristic-based optimization algorithm i.e., modified salp swarm algorithm. The achievement of the designed system demonstrates that New Delhi has a lower total net present cost of $ 14853.63 and levelized cost of electricity of 0.0051 $/kWh. The optimum number of solar panels and wind turbines needed to meet the EV load demand in the New Delhi region is 120 with 325 W rated capacity and 310 with 650 W rated capacity. The optimal solution for the hybrid system consists of 64.5% wind energy, 33.5% solar energy and 1.94% grid purchase with annual electricity production is 5,91,117 kWh. Similarly, the optimum values of the total net present cost and levelized cost of electricity for the city of Ahmedabad are 222762.80 $ and 0.023 kWh, respectively. The total net present cost and levelized cost of electricity in the Madurai area are 37.44% and 8.17% higher than in the New Delhi region, respectively. The envisaged system could help to reduce the dependence on the overstrained grid, especially in developing nations.

Study of vertically mounted photovoltaic modules and their influence on the production of electrical energy in free-standing photovoltaic systems using PVGIS-CMSAF

The paper inhere explores the impact of the azimuth angle of vertically mounted bifacial photovoltaic modules on annual electricity generation. At the recent years bifacial photovoltaic modules are introduced to the market, opening new opportunities for increasing efficiency of electricity production and decreasing of the space needed for installation. The purpose of the current study is to obtain and evaluate the annual electricity production of bifacial vertically mounted photovoltaic modules in dependence on the orientation. Comparative analysis has been made between the efficiency and annual energy yield of bifacial vertically mounted PV modules and classically installed PV modules. All the calculations and analyses have been made with the aid of the software product PVGIS-CMSAF. Despite of the controversial increase of efficiency of bifacial vertically mounted photovoltaic modules compared to classically installed photovoltaic modules, the study had confirmed some of their advantages: they require less space for installation; can be used also as PV fences or noise barriers; in some cases the land of installation can be cultivated, used for agriculture or animal husbandry.

Providing the electricity need of a house with photovoltaic panels: Kütahya case study

"In this study, a techno-economic analysis of meeting the electricity need of a house from photovoltaic panels in the Central district of Kütahya was made. In order to meet the electricity needs of the house, a 3.6 kWp Off-Grid system was considered, and polycrystalline and monocrystalline panel technologies were evaluated separately. For both panel technologies, theoretical production values were calculated by using meteorological data of Kütahya province. As a result of this; The annual theoretical electricity production value of the monocrystalline system was 7832 kWh, and the annual theoretical electricity production value of the polycrystalline system was 5324 kWh. In addition, the cost analysis of the systems was carried out and the payback periods were calculated as 3.45 years for the monocrystalline system and 3.38 years for the polycrystalline system. "